Soft War: The Ethics of Unarmed Conflict

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The Center for Interreligious Dialogue and Civilization (CID), which engages in dialogue with religious figures and institutions inside and outside Iran. 48 The best offense against Iran and its authoritarian regime may not be just using military, financial, or diplomatic instruments—but soft power. Nagata, Kazuaki (7 September 2010). "Anime makes Japan a cultural superpower"– via Japan Times Online.

Soft war: the ethics of unarmed conflict | International

Soft power resources are the assets that produce attraction, which often leads to acquiescence. [3] Nye asserts that, "Seduction is always more effective than coercion, and many values like democracy, human rights, and individual opportunities are deeply seductive." [10] Angelo Codevilla observed that an often overlooked essential aspect of soft power is that different parts of populations are attracted or repelled by different things, ideas, images, or prospects. [11] Soft power is hampered when policies, culture, or values repel others instead of attracting them. Soft Power Survey 2012". Monocle. Archived from the original on 27 July 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013. Remarks by President Obama and President Park of South Korea in a Joint Press Conference". whitehouse.gov. 7 May 2013. Archived from the original on 23 January 2017 . Retrieved May 7, 2013– via National Archives. And of course, around the world, people are being swept up by Korean culture – the Korean Wave. And as I mentioned to President Park, my daughters have taught me a pretty good Gangnam Style. The Iranian government established the Islamic Culture and Relations Organization (ICRO) in an attempt to streamline Iran’s cultural and religious outreach. Like other aspects of Iran’s soft power, it is heavily centralized. 40The ICRO is nominally under the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance but is funded by—and reports to—the office of the supreme leader. 41The ICRO’s mission is to strengthen ties with countries and populations overseas through educational, religious, and artistic events and exhibitions. 42

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Price, “Iran and the Soft War,” International Journal of Communi- cations 6 (2012): 2397-2415; Saikal, Iran Rising, 157-158. van Maltzahn, “Iran’s Cultural Diplomacy,” in H. E. Chehabi, Farhad Khosrokhavar, and Clement Therme, eds., Iran and the Challenges of the Twenty-First Century: Essays in Honour of Mohammad-Reza Djalili (Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 2013), 205–221. As a concept, it can be difficult to distinguish soft power from hard power. For example, Janice Bially Mattern argues that George W. Bush's use of the phrase "you are either with us or with the terrorists" was in fact an exercise of hard power. Though military and economic force was not used to pressure other states to join its coalition, a kind of force – representational force – was used. This kind of force threatens the identity of its partners, forcing them to comply or risk being labeled as evil. This being the case, soft power is therefore not so soft. [15]

The soft war era: The case of the United States and China

How civil resistance (i.e., non-violent forms of resistance) can often involve certain uses of soft power, but remains a distinct concept (Adam Roberts, Timothy Garton Ash) Blondheim, Menahem; Segev, Elad (2015). "Just Spell US Right: America's News Prominence and Soft Power". Journalism Studies. 18 (9): 1128–1147. doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2015.1114899. S2CID 146592424. Iran Adopts Aggressive Approach Toward Enemies,” Tehran Times, July 18, 2011, https://www.tehr antimes.com/news/244231/Iran-adopts-aggr es- sive-approach-toward-enemies. The main characters of the novel are Bredan and Ioulia. Bredan is an American professor at the MIT in the field of Information Technology, who was hired by the NSA, in the book the " National Software Agency". Ioulia is a Russian software engineer who happened to be his student in the 80's.

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In 'soft power' terms, Japan ranks eighth out of 30 countries in U.K. consultancy report". Japan Times. 15 July 2015. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015 . Retrieved 17 July 2015.