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Decorator of Hitler’s desk … a 1965 ceiling painting by Nazi-commissioned artist Hermann Kaspar. Photograph: DHM, Fotograf Eric Tschrnow, 2020 David Glantz (1991). Soviet military operational art: in pursuit of deep battle. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-7146-4077-8, ISBN 978-0-7146-4077-8 The legendary charge of Polish cavalry against German panzers, however, was a propaganda myth influenced by the Charge at Krojanty. In this battle fought on September 1, 1939, the Polish 18th Cavalry Regiment charged and dispersed a German infantry unit. [72] Soon afterwards the Poles themselves were gunned down by German armored vehicles and retreated with heavy casualties; the aftermath of the beating was fictitiously presented as a cavalry charge against tanks. [72] Indeed, Brauneis points out that when there were objections in the press or among art critics to publicly commissioned art in West Germany, their complaints rarely had anything to do with the artists’ Nazi credentials. Rather, what united critics, press and public alike was hostility to modern art in the public sphere.
Hitler’s Horses by Arthur Brand, review — the ‘Indiana Jones
Gross and Brauneis think the issue is less clear cut in the German case. “We must go case by case,” says Gross. “There can’t be a general rule.” Brauneis argues that in some cases explanatory notes are enough. “Sometimes rather than destroying the past we have to learn about it and then live with it even if that is uncomfortable.”Edwin Ernest Rich, Charles Wilson (1967). The Cambridge economic history of Europe, Volume 1. CUP Archive, 1967. While Hitler and his regime persecuted Jewish and modern artists who they claimed produced "degenerate art"and looted the collections of Jewish art collectors,Thorak flourished. He divorced his Jewish wife and accepteda prestigious position at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts. After the end of World War II, he continued to create unchallenged until his death in 1952. Why display Nazi sculptures? After the war, Breker’s status as image maker for the Nazis, one might have thought, would have made him persona non grata in the new German republic. On the contrary, he benefited from an old boys’ network of Nazis: his Pallas Athene in Wuppertal was made possible by the intercession of fellow “divinely gifted” architect Friedrich Hetzelt. The 1944 Cavalry Corps, in turn, had up to 103 tanks and tank destroyers in addition to three Cavalry Divisions [95] that once again were made lean and light and dependent on horse alone (4,700 [d] men with 76mm field guns and no armor). [95] By the end of the war with Germany, Soviet cavalry returned to its pre-war nominal strength of seven cavalry corps, or one cavalry corps per each tank army. This made the cavalry the only military unit in the Red army to achieve 100% Guards status among all of its units. The CMGs of the period (one Tank Corps and one Cavalry Corps) were regularly weapons of choice in operations where terrain prohibited the use of fully deployed Tank Armies. [96] Max Werner (2006 reprint of 1940 edition). The Military Strength of the Powers. Read Books. ISBN 1-4067-9823-1, ISBN 978-1-4067-9823-4.
Horses in World War II - Wikipedia Horses in World War II - Wikipedia
Horses needed attendants: hitching a six-horse field artillery team, for example, required six men working for at least an hour. [1] Horse health deteriorated after only ten days of even moderate load, requiring frequent refits; recuperation took months and the replacement horses, in turn, needed time to get along with their teammates and handlers. [1] Good stables around the front line were scarce; makeshift lodgings caused premature wear and disease. [1] Refit of front-line horse units consumed eight to ten days, slowing down operations. [1] Colonel Philibert Collet's Free French Circassian Cavalry outside the railway station at Damascus, in the aftermath of the Syria-Lebanon campaign, 26 June 1941. I very seldom use a hidden camera,” writes Brand. “It went against my principles… But the case of Hitler’s art treasures was different. Whoever was harbouring these items had absolutely no intention of restoring them to their owner.” The camera ruse, whatever its justification, failed. Nigel Thomas, illustrated by Stephen Andrew (2000). The German Army 1939–45 (5): Western Front 1943–45. Men at Arms 336 Osprey. ISBN 1-85532-797-X, ISBN 978-1-85532-797-9 How odd that a park that only after the war reverted to the Jewish name the Nazis had erased could today display a sculpture by one of Hitler’s favourite artists. In 1939, Kolbe created a portrait bust of the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco, which was given to Hitler as a birthday present. Kolbe, to be fair, was one of the few Third Reich artists to have work shown in both Munich’s Degenerate Art show and the Nazi-sanctioned Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung across town.
Who was Josef Thorak?
Breker typified the thesis of a remarkable new exhibition in Berlin, that Hitler’s favourite artists and sculptors survived the Third Reich and filled public spaces of the new Federal Republic of Germany with artworks scarcely different from those they had produced between 1933 and 1945. A standard Soviet 1941 rifle division of 14,483 men relied on horse logistics and had a supply train of 3,039 horses, half of the complement of the 1941 German infantry division. [80] Various reorganizations made Soviet units smaller and leaner; the last divisional standard (December 1944), beefed up against the 1943 minimum, provided for only 1,196 horses for a regular division and 1,155 horses for a Guards division. [81] By this time few divisions ever had more than half of their standard human complement, and their logistic capacities were downgraded accordingly. [81] Debacle of 1941 [ edit ] After the 1940 Louisiana Maneuvers cavalry units were gradually reformed into Armored Corps, starting with Adna R. Chaffee's 1st Armored Corps in July 1940. [112] Another novelty introduced after the maneuvers, the Bantam 4×4 car, soon became known as the jeep and replaced the horse itself. [33] Debates over the integration of armor and horse units continued through 1941 [113] but the failure of these attempts "to marry horse with armor" was evident even to casual civilian observers. [114] The office of Chief of Cavalry was eliminated in March 1942, and the newly formed ground forces began mechanization of the remaining horse units. [115] The 1st Cavalry Division was reorganized as an infantry unit but retained its designation. [116] Without giving details, the government said in the statement that it plans to exhibit the monumental horses by Thorak. Motorization in the interwar period [ edit ] At the end of World War I the former belligerents retained masses of traditional cavalry (1923 French unit pictured) and were facing motorization to overcome the prospects of another strategic stalemate.
Nazi sculptures on show Why a German museum is putting two Nazi sculptures on show
David Glantz (editor). The initial period of war on the Eastern Front, 22 June–August 1941: proceedings of the Fourth Art of War Symposium, Garmisch, October 1987. Taylor & Francis, 1997. ISBN 0-7146-4298-3, ISBN 978-0-7146-4298-7 From 1937 until 1944, Breker was among hundreds of German artists whose work was shown in the Große Deutsche Kunstausstellung in Munich, an exhibition designed to showcase what National Socialists thought of as the right kind of art. Much of it eulogised German sacrifice in the first world war or neo-classical heroic sculptures such as Breker’s Prometheus. German military regulation H.Dv. 465/1 – Fahrvorschrift (Fahrv.) Heft 1 Allgemeine Grundsätze der Fahrausbildung – 1941, ISBN 978-3734782022
Why display Nazi sculptures?
Ciro Paoletti (2008). A military history of Italy. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-98505-9, ISBN 978-0-275-98505-9. Motorization of the 1930s raised a number of concerns, starting with the need to secure a continuous fuel supply. The new formations had a significantly larger footprint on the march: the 1932 French motorized division took up 52km (32mi) of road space compared to 11.5km (7.1mi) for a horse-mounted formation, raising concerns about control and vulnerability. [4] The Spanish Civil War and other conflicts of 1930s did not provide definite solutions and the issues remained unresolved until the onset of World War II. Only the German blitzkrieg achieved in the Battle of France finally persuaded the militaries of the world, including the United States, that the tank had replaced the horse on the battlefield. [16] Horse logistics [ edit ] German horse-drawn supply train with pneumatic tires in France, 1944 In 1957, for instance, Breker was commissioned to make a sculpture installed outside the Wilhelm-Dörpfeld-Gymnasium, a school in Wuppertal. The result was a larger than life bronze of Pallas Athene, the Greek goddess of war and wisdom, helmeted and poised to throw a spear. “The iconography is just the same as that of the Nazi era,” says the exhibition’s curator, Wolfgang Brauneis. Commissioned by Hitler at the height of his power, the colossal twin "Striding Horses" had stood in the garden of Hitler's seat of government from 1939 to 1943.They were part of the thousands of bronze works crafted for the Nazi regime in its quest to transform Berlin into the imperial global capital of "Germania." Who was Josef Thorak?
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