Big Brown Bear

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DNA analysis shows that, apart from recent human-caused population fragmentation, [41] brown bears in North America are generally part of a single interconnected population system, with the exception of the population (or subspecies) in the Kodiak Archipelago, which has probably been isolated since the end of the last Ice Age. [42] [43] These data demonstrate that U. a. gyas, U. a. horribilis, U. a. sitkensis and U. a. stikeenensis are not distinct or cohesive groups, and would more accurately be described as ecotypes. For example, brown bears in any particular region of the Alaska coast are more closely related to adjacent grizzly bears than to distant populations of brown bears, [44] the morphological distinction seemingly driven by brown bears having access to a rich salmon food source, while grizzly bears live at higher elevation, or further from the coast, where plant material is the base of the diet. The history of the bears of the Alexander Archipelago is unusual in that these island populations carry polar bear DNA, presumably originating from a population of polar bears that was left behind at the end of the Pleistocene, but have since been connected with adjacent mainland populations through movement of males, to the point where their nuclear genomes are now more than 90% of brown bear ancestry. [45] Kurtén, B. (1964). "The evolution of the polar bear, Ursus maritimus (Phipps)". Acta Zoologica Fennica. 108: 1–26. Brown Bear". Rolling Hills Wildlife Adventure. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016 . Retrieved 2 December 2013. Kingsley, M. C. S.; Nagy, J. A.; Russell, R. H. (1983). "Patterns of weight gain and loss for grizzly bears in northern Canada". Bears: Their Biology and Management. 5: 174–178. doi: 10.2307/3872535. JSTOR 3872535. S2CID 90555276. Neixen quatre cries d'ós bru als Pirineus". elperiodico.cat (in Catalan and Spanish). 2 August 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2010.

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Richardson, Evan; Branigan, Marsha; Paetkau, David; Pongracz, Jodie D. (31 May 2017). "Recent Hybridization between a Polar Bear and Grizzly Bears in the Canadian Arctic". Arctic. 70 (#2): 151–160. doi: 10.14430/arctic4643. ISSN 1923-1245. Klinka, D. R.; Reimchen, T. E. (2002). "Nocturnal and diurnal foraging behaviour of brown bears ( Ursus arctos) on a salmon stream in coastal British Columbia" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 80 (#8): 1317−1322. doi: 10.1139/z02-123. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Analyses of the genomes of bears have shown that introgression between species was widespread during the evolution of the genus Ursus, [47] [48] [49] including the introgression of polar bear DNA introduced to brown bears during the Pleistocene. Mammalian Species- Ursus arctos" (PDF). American Society of Mammalogists, Smith College. 23 April 1993. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2017.The brown bear has a naturally long life. Wild females have been observed reproducing up to 28 years of age, which is the oldest known age for reproduction of any ursid in the wild. The peak reproductive age for females ranges from four to 20 years old. [73] [165] The lifespan of brown bears of both sexes within minimally hunted populations is estimated at an average of 25 years. [166] The oldest wild brown bear on record was nearly 37 years old. [166] The oldest recorded female in captivity was nearly 40 years old, while males in captivity have been verified to live up to 47 years, with one captive male possibly attaining 50 years of age. [13] [55] Downey, Betsy. "Personal Encounter. Wolf-Grizzly interaction in Yellowstone National Park" (PDF). International Wolf Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Bear Anatomy and Physiology from Gary Brown's The Great Bear Almanac, Lyons & Burford, Publishers, 1993 These omnivorous giants tend to be solitary animals, except for females and their cubs, but at times they do congregate. Dramatic gatherings can be seen at prime Alaskan fishing spots when the salmon swim upstream for summer spawning. In this season dozens of bears may gather to feast on the fish, craving fats that will sustain them through the long winter ahead. In fall a brown bear may eat as much as 90 pounds of food each day, and it may weigh twice as much before hibernation as it will in spring.

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Hissa, R.; Hohtola, E.; Tuomala-Saramäki, T.; Laine, T. (1998). "Seasonal changes in fatty acids and leptin contents in the plasma of the European brown bear ( Ursus arctos arctos)". Annales Zoologici Fennici. 35 (#4): 215–224. JSTOR 23735612. Bear Caused Human Injuries and Deaths In Yellowstone National Park. Yellowstone-bearman.com (1 January 2000). Retrieved 15 September 2011.Brown bear mothers give birth in their sleep! Cubs born during hibernation make their way to the mother’s chest and nurse until she is ready to wake up. 10. What is the biggest brown bear? Sahajpal, V; Goyal, S. P.; Jayapal, R; Yoganand, K; Thakar, M. K. (2008). "Hair characteristics of four Indian bear species". Science & Justice. 48 (#1): 8–15. doi: 10.1016/j.scijus.2007.05.001. PMID 18450212. a b c d e f Servheen, C.; Herrero, S.; Peyton, B.; Pelletier, K.; Moll, K.; Moll, J., eds. (1999), Bears: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF), vol.44, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015 , retrieved 18 November 2019

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In Europe, in 2010, there were 14,000brown bears in ten fragmented populations, from Spain (estimated at only 20–25 animals in the Pyrenees in 2010, [82] [83] in a range shared between Spain, France and Andorra, and some 210 animals in Asturias, Cantabria, Galicia and León, in the Picos de Europa and adjacent areas in 2013 [84]) in the west, to Russia in the east, and from Sweden and Finland in the north to Romania (5000–6000), Bulgaria (900–1200), Slovakia (with about 600–800 animals), Slovenia (500–700 animals) and Greece (with Karamanlidis et al. 2015 estimating >450 animals) [85] [86] in the south. Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9. Brown, Susan, A (17 January 2010). "Inherited behavior traits of the domesticated ferret". weaselwords.com . Retrieved 29 January 2010. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) a b Mörner, T.; Eriksson, H.; Bröjer, C.; Nilsson, K.; Uhlhorn, H.; Ågren, E.; Segerstad, C.H.; Jansson, D.S.; Gavier-Widén, D. (2005). "Diseases and mortality in free-ranging brown bear ( Ursus arctos), gray wolf ( Canis lupus), and wolverine ( Gulo gulo) in Sweden". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 41 (#2): 298–303. doi: 10.7589/0090-3558-41.2.298. PMID 16107663. S2CID 43774546. a b Christiansen, P. (2007). "Evolutionary implications of bite mechanics and feeding ecology in bears". Journal of Zoology. 272 (#4): 423. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00286.x.

Loreille, O.; Orlando, L.; Patou-Mathis, M.; Philippe, M.; Taberlet, P.; Hänni, C. (2001). "Ancient DNA analysis reveals divergence of the cave bear, Ursus spelaeus, and brown bear, Ursus arctos, lineages". Current Biology. 11 (3): 200–203. doi: 10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00046-x. PMID 11231157. S2CID 14645603.

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Schwartz, C. C.; Haroldson, M. A.; White, G. C.; Harris, R. B.; Cherry, S.; Keating, K. A.; Moody, D.; Servheen, C. (2006). "Temporal, Spatial, and Environmental Influences on the Demographics of Grizzly Bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem". Wildlife Monographs. 161: 1–68. doi: 10.2193/0084-0173(2006)161[1:TSAEIO]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85600938. The grizzly bear is the state animal of Montana. [219] The California golden bear is the state animal of California. [220] Both animals are subspecies of the brown bear and the species was extirpated from the latter state. There are many methods used by scientists to define bear species and subspecies, as no one method is always effective. Brown bear taxonomy and subspecies classification has been described as "formidable and confusing," with few authorities listing the same specific set of subspecies. [28] Genetic testing is now perhaps the most important way to scientifically define brown bear relationships and names. Generally, genetic testing uses the word clade rather than species because a genetic test alone cannot define a biological species. Most genetic studies report on how closely related the bears are (or their genetic distance). There are hundreds of obsolete brown bear subspecies, each with its own name, so this can become confusing. Hall (1981) lists 86 different types, and even as many as 90 have been proposed. [29] [30] However, recent DNA analysis has identified as few as five main clades which contain all extant brown bears, [31] [32] while a 2017 phylogenetic study revealed nine clades, including one representing polar bears. [33] As of 2005 [update], 15 extant or recently extinct subspecies were recognized by the general scientific community. [34] [35] a b c d Dahle, B.; Swenson, J. E. (2003). "Seasonal range size in relation to reproductive strategies in brown bears Ursus arctos". Journal of Animal Ecology. 72 (#4): 660–667. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00737.x. JSTOR 3505643. PMID 30893970. S2CID 67818528.

a b Mallinson, J. (1978). The Shadow of Extinction: Europe's Threatened Mammals. Macmillan, London. Mattson, D. J. (1990). "Human impacts on bear habitat use" (PDF). Bears: Their Biology and Management. 8: 33–56. doi: 10.2307/3872901. JSTOR 3872901. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. a b Macdonald, D.W.; Barrett, P. (1993). Mammals of Europe. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-691-09160-0.