Criminology

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In this history, Garland argues that modern criminology is the product of two initially separate streams of work: O The ‘Lombrosian project’ – studies which sought to examine the characteristics of ‘criminals’ and ‘non-criminals’ with a view to being able to distinguish the groups, thereby developing an understanding of the causes of crime. Tim Newburn’s Criminology continues to be a valuable resource to students seeking to engage with the capacious field that is criminology. The revised chapter on the politics of crime provides a neat, nuanced account of the politics of crime control over the past 50 years. In conjunction with the chapters on late modernity and penology (to take one set of examples), it will equip the inquisitive student with the tools with which to dive further into the murky depths of the politics of criminal justice. An enjoyable, engaging and authoritative text. White-collar and corporate crime Introduction Edwin Sutherland and white-collar crime Distinguishing between white-collar and corporate crime Exploring white-collar crime Theft at work Fraud Employment offences Consumer offences Food offences Environmental crime State-corporate crime Explaining white-collar and corporate crime Differential association Self-control Neutralisation Critical theory Shaming Understanding white-collar crime White-collar offenders Crime has no ontological reality – The category ‘crime’ has no reality beyond the application of the term to particular acts. The acts themselves are not intrinsically criminal. Thus, to kill someone during peacetime may well be treated as murder; to do so on a battlefield will most likely not. We return to this below.

Criminology - Newburn, Tim: 9781138643130 - AbeBooks Criminology - Newburn, Tim: 9781138643130 - AbeBooks

Criminology is by far the best, most comprehensive and authoritative textbook available. The third edition provides updated material on recent developments and an invaluable new chapter on the politics of crime control. The clarity of the writing, the breadth and depth of coverage, the links to further reading and to other relevant resources all make this a perfectly balanced introduction to the subject."Comprehensive and accessible, Tim Newburn's bestselling Criminology provides an introduction to the fundamental themes, concepts, theories, methods and events that underpin the subject and form the basis for all undergraduate degree courses and modules in Criminology and Criminal Justice. The Desborough Committee recommended a substantial rise in police pay and also, importantly, that such matters should be standardised and centrally controlled. Arguably, this was the moment that symbolised the profound shift away from local police authority power and towards increasingly centralised power of the Home Office. This more centralised approach to policing was supported by the use of legal theory in explaining the constitutional position of the police, and the Home Office increasingly sought to ‘popularise the theme that the keeping of the King’s peace was a Royal Prerogative as old as the monarchy itself’ (Morgan, 1987). Though the problems of police and conditions were not as bad at the end of the Second World War as they had been at the end of the First, the government was nonetheless forced to act to improve matters, and in 1948 established the Oaksey Committee. This was less favourable to the police than Desborough had been, but it did signal the beginnings of a shift away from traditional beat work, and towards a new world dominated by radios and cars. As Emsley (2003) notes, though morale remained low, by this time police–public relations appeared strong, and the positive view of policing was captured in the post-war Ealing studios film, The Blue Lamp, which saw the first appearance of PC George Dixon. In fact, as the Oaksey Committee’s exploration of the potential of cars and radios illustrated, even by 1950, when the film was released, Dixon Office for Criminal Justice Reform Offending, Crime and Justice Survey Office for National Statistics The ‘Cato Street Conspirators’ – allegedly plotting the assassination of members of the Cabinet – are arrested by Bow Street Runners who stormed their hayloft in Cato Street, near Grosvenor Square in London, 23 February 1820. They were the last offenders to be beheaded. Since that time, until its abolition in 1965, hanging was the only form of execution (apart from military executions).

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As with policing, there are two broadly contrasting approaches to making sense of the evolution of the criminal law during the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. On the one hand, there is a largely consensual model, again focusing on progress and on the rationalisation and bureaucratisation of the legal system, and a more conflictual model that asks ‘in whose interests’ is the law operating. Godfrey and Lawrence argue that Leon Radzinowicz’s path-breaking multi-volume, History of the English Criminal Law (published between 1948 and 1986) falls into the former category. In the latter category we find Marxist historians such as Douglas Hay, Edward Thompson, and others. Intriguingly, it appears that in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries it was relatively rare for violence to be prosecuted unless it resulted in death. There is much disagreement among historians as to the extent to which it is accurate to view the legal system as a means of protecting the rights of the propertied and regulating the lives of the poor. There is considerable evidence to support E.P. Thompson’s (1975: 264) contention that ‘the law did mediate existent class relations to the advantage of the rulers’. However, other historians such as Beattie (1986) have shown that, to a large extent, the interests of the propertied formed a relatively small part of the business of the courts, and although the law was clearly applied unequally, the picture is more complex and nuanced than simple ‘class interest’ accounts allow for. level of common understanding for it to be meaningful. On one level this is undoubtedly the case. However, this masks a number of complexities. As we will see, identifying the boundary between acts that are crimes, and acts which are not crimes is often far from straightforward. To illustrate this let’s consider a couple of examples involving things that might be thought of as crimes, both of which involve assault. The first occurs at night-time. It is dark and a person is walking alone and it is late. They are confronted by a precisely to capture the fact that it is an area of study that brings together scholars from a variety of disciplinary origins, who meet in the territory called crime, and this seems to me a more than satisfactory way of thinking about it. Indeed, we do not need to spend a lot of time discussing the various positions that have been taken in relation to it. It is enough for current purposes that we are alerted to this issue and that we bear it in mind as we cover some of the terrain that comes under the heading criminology. There is a further distinction that we must briefly consider, and it concerns criminology on the one hand and criminal justice on the other. Although the study of the administrative responses to crime is generally seen as being a central part of the criminological enterprise, sometimes the two are separated, particularly in the United States. In America there is something of a divide between those who think of themselves as doing criminology and those who study criminal justice. In fact, the distinction is anything but clear. Criminological work tends to be more theoretically informed than criminal justice studies and also more concerned with crime and its causes. Both, however, have clear concerns with the criminal justice and penal systems. In discussing this distinction, Lacey (2002: 265) suggests that criminology ‘concerns itself with social and individual antecedents of crime and with the nature of crime as a social phenomenon’, whereas criminal justice studies ‘deal with the specifically institutional aspects of the social construction of crime’ such as policing, prosecution, punishment and so on. We will consider what is meant by the social construction of crime in more detail below. Before we do so, let us look once more at the parameters of criminology. Criminal courts and the court process 677 Introduction The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) Sufficient evidence The public interest Downgrading of charges DiscontinuanceTim Newburn has been Professor of Criminology and Social Policy at the LSE since 2002. He was Head of Department of Social Policy from 2010-13 and Director of the Mannheim Centre for Criminology from 2003-2009. Prior to joining LSE he was Joseph Rowntree Professor of Urban Social Policy at Goldsmiths, University of London and Director of the Public Policy Research Unit (1997-2002). He has also worked at the University of Leicester (1982-85), the Home Office Research & Planning Unit (1985-90), the National Institute for Social Work (1990-92) and the Policy Studies Institute (1992-97). Feminist criminology Introduction Early criminology and the female offender Lombroso and Ferrero W.I. Thomas and Otto Pollak Stephen MacDaniel, a mid-eighteenth-century thief taker who led a gang alleged to have ‘preyed on innocent, friendless young men and boys, tempting them into crime only to give them up to the courts and collect the rewards’.