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Considerable variation of taxonomy occurs within Opuntia species, resulting in names being created for variants or subtypes within a species, and use of DNA sequencing to define and isolate various species. [1] Species [ edit ] Amodio ML, Cabezas S, Rinaldi R, Colelli G. Implementation of rating scales for visual quality evaluation of various vegetable crops. In: Kader AA, Cantwell M, editors. Produce quality rating scales and color charts postharvest horticulture series no. 23, September 2004, revised May 2007, Davis CA-USA. Antioxidants help prevent oxidative damage that’s caused by reactive molecules called free radicals and can lead to disease ( 2, 3). Summary

Although some spines tend to fall off as the fruit ripens, there are some that remain in the outer skin. You can use a torch or roll it in a fire grill for a few seconds to burn the tiny barbs off the tuna fruit. For the pitaya dulce, their short spines come off easily by brushing gently. Then wash the fruit properly before cutting. A common usage for cactus fruit is as a diuretic. This means that it promotes healthy kidneys and bladders. It stops bloating, water retention, and infections in the urinary tract. The flower as a whole is usually radially symmetrical ( actinomorphic), but may be bilaterally symmetrical ( zygomorphic) in some species. Flower colors range from white through yellow and red to magenta. [11] Adaptations for water conservation

Hummingbirds are significant pollinators of cacti. Species showing the typical hummingbird-pollination syndrome have flowers with colors towards the red end of the spectrum, anthers and stamens that protrude from the flower, and a shape that is not radially symmetrical, with a lower lip that bends downwards; they produce large amounts of nectar with a relatively low sugar content. [56] Schlumbergera species, such as S. truncata, have flowers that correspond closely to this syndrome. [57] Other hummingbird-pollinated genera include Cleistocactus and Disocactus. [52] Cactus is used as a fodder crop for animals in arid and dryland regions. [36] Some farmers prepare it with a fermentation produce, to remove the spines, and increase the digestibility. [37] As a source of "vegan leather" [ edit ] Naming and classifying cacti has been both difficult and controversial since the first cacti were discovered for science. The difficulties began with Carl Linnaeus. In 1737, he placed the cacti he knew into two genera, Cactus and Pereskia. However, when he published Species Plantarum in 1753—the starting point for modern botanical nomenclature—he relegated them all to one genus, Cactus. The word "cactus" is derived through Latin from the Ancient Greek κάκτος ( kaktos), a name used by Theophrastus for a spiny plant, [26] which may have been the cardoon ( Cynara cardunculus). [27] Cacti whose stems are even smaller may be described as globular (or globose). They consist of shorter, more ball-shaped stems than columnar cacti. Globular cacti may be solitary, such as Ferocactus latispinus, or their stems may form clusters that can create large mounds. All or some stems in a cluster may share a common root. [11] Other forms

This fruit is a great choice if you are trying to eat less fat. It's a great way to help you lose weight because each serving has less than one gram of fat. It will satisfy your cravings with its rich, sweet taste. Use it in fruit juices, homemade pies, sugar-free jam, citrus salad, lemon bars, pancakes, smoothies, and other desserts. Almog, Oz (2000). The Sabra: The Creation of the New Jew. Translated by Haim Watzman. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21642-6 . Retrieved 17 April 2018. Gol NB, Rao TVR. Influence of zein and gelatin coatings on the postharvest quality and shelf life extension of mango ( Mangifera indica L.). Fruits. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1051/fruits/2014002.a b Lyle, Katie Letcher (2010) [2004]. The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants, Mushrooms, Fruits, and Nuts: How to Find, Identify, and Cook Them (2nded.). Guilford, CT: FalconGuides. p.168. ISBN 978-1-59921-887-8. OCLC 560560606. Whitaker JR, Lee CY. Recent advances in chemistry of enzymatic browning. An overview. In: Lee CY, Whitaker JR, editors. Enzymatic browning and its prevention. ACS symposium series 1995;600:1-7. Martínez-Romero D, Castillo S, Guillén F, Díaz-Mula HM, Zapata PJ, Valeroa D, Serranoba M. Aloe vera gel coating maintains quality and safety of ready-to-eatpomegranate arils. Postharvest Biol Technol. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2013.06.022. Main article: Cochineal Traditional "Zapotec nest" farming of the cochineal scale insect on O.ficus-indica, Oaxaca

Ali S, Khan AS, Anjum MA, Nawaz A, Naz S, Ejaz S, Hussain S. Aloe vera gel coating delays post-cut surface browning and maintains quality of cold stored lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) root slices. Sci Hortic. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108612. The only genus is Maihuenia, with two species, both of which form low-growing mats. [13] It has some features that are primitive within the cacti. Plants have leaves, and crassulean acid metabolism is wholly absent. [31] Species accepted by Plants of the World Online, as of October2022 [update], are listed below, together with some species accepted by other sources, where the name preferred by Plants of the World Online is also given. [8]Ortiz-Zarama MA, Jiménez-Aparicio AR, Solorza-Feria J. Obtainment and partial characterization of biodegradable gelatin films with tannic acid, bentonite and glycerol. J Sci Food Agric. 2016;96:3424–31. The only genus in the ICSG classification was Pereskia. It has features considered closest to the ancestors of the Cactaceae. Plants are trees or shrubs with leaves; their stems are smoothly round in cross section, rather than being ribbed or having tubercles. [31] Two systems may be used in photosynthesis, both the "normal" C 3 mechanism and crassulean acid metabolism (CAM)—an "advanced" feature of cacti and other succulents that conserves water. [10] Molecular phylogenetic studies showed that when broadly circumscribed, Pereskia was not monophyletic, [34] [33] and it has been split into three genera, Leuenbergeria, Rhodocactus and a narrowly circumscribed Pereskia. [35] [36] Leuenbergeria is then placed on its own in a separate monogeneric subfamily, Leuenbergerioideae. [37]

Song HY, Jo WS, Song NB, Min SC, Song KB. Quality change of apple slices coated with Aloe vera gel during storage. J Food Sci. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.12141. There is limited available information in the published literature about the impacts of tested bio-materials on visual quality. Only A. vera gel was noted previously to have positive impact on visual quality (Mohebbi et al. 2014; Sophia et al., 2015; Song et al. 2013) which are in accordance with the results of present study. In a very recent study by Parven et al. ( 2020), A. vera gel coating was reported to delay colour development during storage which improved the visual quality of the papaya fruits. Ali et al. ( 2019) reported that the lotus root slices coated with A. vera gel have better overall visual quality as compared with the uncoated control fruits during storage. They reported that the uncoated control slices lost marketability in 4 days of stoage, slices coated with A. vera gel had markedly higher visual quality until 8 days of storage. Similar results were previously noted by Supapvanich et al. ( 2016) and it was suggested that it could possibly due to reduced enzymatic browning of fruit surface. Forney CF. Physiology and biochemistry of aroma and off-odors in fresh-cut products. Acta Hortic. 2016. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1141.4. The 1,500 to 1,800 species of cacti mostly fall into one of two groups of "core cacti": opuntias (subfamily Opuntioideae) and "cactoids" (subfamily Cactoideae). Most members of these two groups are easily recognizable as cacti. They have fleshy succulent stems that are major organs of photosynthesis. They have absent, small, or transient leaves. They have flowers with ovaries that lie below the sepals and petals, often deeply sunken into a fleshy receptacle (the part of the stem from which the flower parts grow). All cacti have areoles—highly specialized short shoots with extremely short internodes that produce spines, normal shoots, and flowers. [10] In this study, A. vera gel provided the highest efficacy in preventing weight loss and protecting visual and sensory quality of fresh-cut cactus pear fruits. Weight loss is mainly a cause of respiration (loss of carbon reserves) and transpiration (loss of water), and A. vera gel was highly cited by numerous studies to acts as a barrier, thereby restricting water transfer and prevents weight loss (Achipiz et al. 2013; Kator et al. 2018; Kahramanoglu et al. 2019). Previous studies demonstrated successful results for A. vera gel coatings for both fresh and fresh-cut fruits and vegetables, i.e.: pineapples (Adetunji et al., 2012), tomato (Kator et al. 2018), ready-to-eat pomegranate arils (Martínez-Romero et al. 2013), fresh-cut papaya fruits (Kuwar et al. 2015), fresh-cut oranges (Radi et al. 2017), fresh-cut apples (Song et al. 2013) and fresh-cut kiwifruits (Benítez et al. 2015). It is noted by those researchers that A. vera gel application provides a barrier to the produce and lower the respiration rate. According to Author’s knowledge, there is not any published study about the use of A. vera gel for the fresh-cut cactus pears. The second highest effect on the prevention of weight loss at the ready-to-eat cactus pears was obtained from cactus gel. Previously, extracts from other parts of the cactus plants, mainly the cladodes, were tested on different fruits and found to be effective in preventing weight loss (Allegra et al. 2016; Gheribia et al. 2018). The third most successful treatment of present study was found to be covering the fruits with V. vinifera leaves. According to the Author’s knowledge, it is first time to test V. vinifera leaves as a postharvest treatment. Grape leaves have wide use in Mediterranean countries as cooked with rice. Due to the high use of V. vinifera leaves in diet, many studies conducted about the health effects, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant activities, and phenolic and volatile contents of leaves (Fernandes et al. 2013; Pintaća et al. 2019). Orhan et al. ( 2009) reported that V. vinifera leaves have antiviral and antioxidant activities which support their utilization in folk medicine. At the beginning of the experiments (3 DAS) jelly was one of the most effective materials for the prevention of weight loss, but its efficacy decreased in time and found to be the fourth effective material among the tested bio-materials. Gelatin (natural water soluble protein) based coatings were previously reported to be effective in preventing postharvest quality and weight loss (Mellinas et al. 2016; Ortiz-Zarama et al. 2016), but it was a first report for the jelly. The reduced effect of jelly in present study might be a cause of sugar in the jelly or the application method. Further studies by freezing the fresh-cut fruits in jelly would provide higher efficacy than the present methodology. Gol and Rao ( 2013) reported that 10% gelatin coating reduces the weight loss at mango fruits and improves the postharvest quality. The final bio-material of present study was P. oleraceae extracts. P. oleracea is an annual herbaceous plant, distributed in many parts of the world (Zhou et al. 2015) and has been used as a traditional medicine against gastrointestinal diseases, headaches, some kind of inflammation, ulcer, sexual desire, eruptions of blood, burning of the stomach, and etc. (Iranshahy et al. 2017). The un-expected low efficacy of the P. oleraceae extracts might be a cause of the negative effects of extracts on the decay and future studies are necessary with different preparation methods and/or combination with some other bio-materials.A number of species of cacti have been shown to contain psychoactive agents, chemical compounds that can cause changes in mood, perception and cognition through their effects on the brain. Two species have a long history of use by the indigenous peoples of the Americas: peyote, Lophophora williamsii, in North Am The severity of off-odor during the storage was determined with the Odor Index (OI) according to the 0-4 scale. The description of the scale is as 0 represents excellent fruits with no off-odor; 1 equals to slight off-odor; 2 represents moderate off-odor; 3 used for moderately severe off-odor; and 4 represents severe off-odor. The OI index was then calculated using the following formula: OI index = { \( \sum \)[(OI scale) × (number of fruit at that OI)]}/(4 × total number of fruit in each treatment). The fruits with an OI index of 0.4 or higher were considered as unacceptable for consumers. Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and Ecological Crises". Trade and Environment Database. American University. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009 . Retrieved 19 April 2009. Grigson, Jane (2007). Jane Grigson's Fruit Book. University of Nebraska Press. p.380. ISBN 978-0-8032-5993-5. Visual appearance of the fruits was determined according to the 1-5 scale of Amodio et al. ( 2007). The description of the scale is as 5: Excellent, no defect; 4: good, minor effect; 3: fair, moderate defect (limit of marketability); 2: poor, major defect (limit of edibility); and 1: inedible. The arithmetic mean of the scores was used to calculate the overall score of each treatment. Data analysis