LE BIOETHANOL DE SECONDE GENERATION. LA PRODUCTION D'ETHANOL A PARTIR DE BIOMASSE LIGNOCELLULOSIQUE: La production d'éthanol à partir de biomasse lignocellulosique

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Pursuant to Article 108 TFEU, the Commission has exclusive competence to assess the compatibility of State aid measures with the internal market which the Member States may put in place for deployment of energy from renewable sources. That assessment is carried out on the basis of Article 107(3) TFEU and in accordance with the relevant provisions and guidelines which the Commission may adopt to that effect. This Directive is without prejudice to the Commission's exclusive competence granted by the TFEU.

E. Palmqvist; B. Hahn-Hagerdal (2000). "Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates. II: inhibitors and Mechanisms of Inhibition". Bioresour. Technol. 74: 25-33. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00161-3. Serrada Hierro R (2008) Apuntes de selvicultura. In: Serrada Hierro R (ed) Apuntes de selvicultura universidad politécnica de madrid (in Spanish). EUI Técnica Forestal, Madrid, pp 83–131 The coherence between the objectives of this Directive and the Union's other environmental law should be ensured. In particular, during assessment, planning or licensing procedures for renewable energy installations, Member States should take account of all Union environmental law and the contribution made by energy from renewable sources towards meeting environmental and climate change objectives, in particular when compared to non-renewable energy installations. Dedicated energy crops [ edit ] Miscanthus is a so-called energy crop, being highly efficient (fast-growing) at turning solar radiation into biomassBurton RA, Fincher GB (2014) Plant cell wall engineering: applications in biofuel production and improved human health. Curr Opin Biotechnol 26:79–84 a b Haq, Izharul; Mazumder, Payal; Kalamdhad, Ajay S. (2020-09-01). "Recent advances in removal of lignin from paper industry wastewater and its industrial applications – A review". Bioresource Technology. 312: 123636. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123636. ISSN 0960-8524. PMID 32527619. S2CID 219607347. Although no complete report has yet been published on the composition of wood of Abies religiosa, it is known that lignin accounts for 25.29 % of it [ 50], a figure close to the 24.68 % that was found here through the Van Soest gravimetric method. However, there is no information on the cellulose and hemicellulose components for this species. Nevertheless, the composition for Abies sp. has been recorded as 48.2 % cellulose, 20.5 % hemicellulose, 26.5 % lignin and 4.8 % other minor components [ 51]. Comparing these data with our results, we found higher average cellulose content (54.81 %) as well as of other minor components (8.13 %). In contrast, a lower content of hemicellulose (12.37 %) and a lignin value close to 24.68 % were obtained. These differences may be explained by the variations between species of Abies and their respective original habitat. As far as we know, our study is the first report on wood composition of A. religiosa from a Mexican forest. The PCA analysis revealed a significant decrease in the principal component constituted of both, hemicellulose and lignin at 3100 followed by 3300 masl. In contrast, an increase of this principal component was observed, mainly toward the upper end (3500 masl) of the AG, followed by the corresponding data at 3400 and 3000 masl. These results agree partially with our hypothesis in relationship with the effect of environmental stress on the proportion of hemicellulose and lignin in the wood of A. religiosa trees along the AG.

a b Wyman, Charles E.; Dale, Bruce E.; Elander, Richard T.; Holtzapple, Mark; Ladisch, Michael R.; Lee, Y. Y. (2005-12-01). "Coordinated development of leading biomass pretreatment technologies". Bioresource Technology. 96 (18): 1959–1966. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.01.010. ISSN 0960-8524. PMID 16112483.It is thus appropriate to establish a binding Union target of a share of at least 32 % of renewable energy. Moreover, the Commission should assess whether that target should be reviewed upwards in light of substantial cost reductions in the production of renewable energy, the Union's international commitments for decarbonisation, or in the case of a significant decrease in energy consumption in the Union. Member States should establish their contribution to the achievement of that target as part of their integrated national energy and climate plans pursuant to the governance process laid down in Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council ( 6). The collection of wood samples from Abies religiosa trees was carried out along a 500-m-long AG in August 2014. The gradient was divided into six altitudinal levels with a distance of 100 m from each other (3500, 3400, 3300, 3200, 3100 and 3000 masl). At each of these levels, wood samples from six trees were collected at a trunk height of 1.3 m. A total of 36 trees were sampled. Hames BR (2009) Biomass compositional analysis for energy applications. In: Jr Mielenz (ed) Biofuels, methods in molecular biology. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 145–167 Le procédé (1) : la production d'éthanol ex BLC • Quatre étapes principales hémicellulose hydrolysée lignine Biomasse Prétraitement Hydrolyse lignine cellulose lignine cellulose hémicellulose glucose Fermentation éthanol Distillation Séchage éthanol anhydre Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008

Popescu CM, Popescu MC, Vasile C (2011) Structural analysis of photodegraded lime wood by means of FT-IR and 2D IR correlation spectroscopy. Int J Biol Macromol 48:667–675 The Energy Union strategy also recognised the role of the citizen in the energy transition, where citizens take ownership of the energy transition, benefit from new technologies to reduce their bills, and participate actively in the market.Main current projects (2) Pilot plants • 2. America • Iogen : Canada (30 t/d) • Verenium (Louisiana) 3.5 t/d • NREL (USA) • Abengoa (York) source : Celunol Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008 Considering that the energy mix for electricity generation for the outermost regions is made up to a large extent of fuel oil, it is necessary to allow an appropriate consideration of greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria in those regions. It would therefore be appropriate to provide for a specific fossil fuel comparator for the electricity produced in the outermost regions. Member States should ensure effective compliance with their specific criteria. Finally, Member States should, without prejudice to support granted in accordance with support schemes in accordance with this Directive, not refuse to take into account, on other sustainability grounds, biofuels and bioliquids obtained in accordance with this Directive. This prohibition is intended to ensure that biofuels and bioliquids that comply with the harmonised criteria provided for in this Directive continue to benefit from the trade facilitation objectives of this Directive, including as regards the outermost regions concerned. Richardson AD (2004) Foliar chemistry of balsam fir and red spruce in relation to elevation and the canopy light gradient in the mountains of the northeastern United States. Plant Soil 260:291–299