Proceedings, of the Worcester Society of Entiquity, Vol. 21 (Classic Reprint)

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Hellenistic philosophy was succeeded by continued developments in Platonism and Epicureanism, with Neoplatonism in due course influencing the theology of the Church Fathers. Towards the end of the 2nd millennium BC, the Shang were overrun by the Zhou dynasty from the Wei River valley to the west. The Zhou rulers at this time invoked the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to legitimize their rule, a concept that would be influential for almost every successive dynasty. The Zhou initially established their capital in the west near modern Xi'an, near the Yellow River, but they would preside over a series of expansions into the Yangtze River valley. Zhou administration was decentralised, with local elites responsible for collecting tribute and providing military support to the Zhou rulers. [106] Terracotta Warriors from the time of Qin Shi Huang BC: An alliance between the Babylonians, Medes, and Scythians succeeds in destroying Nineveh and causing subsequent fall of the Assyrian empire.

Dever, William (2003). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-0975-9. Ancient Egypt was a long-lived civilisation geographically located in north-eastern Africa. It was concentrated along the middle to lower reaches of the Nile River, [63] reaching its greatest extent during the 2nd millenniumBC, which is referred to as the New Kingdom period. [64] It reached broadly from the Nile Delta in the north, as far south as Jebel Barkal at the Fourth Cataract of the Nile. Extensions to the geographical range of ancient Egyptian civilisation included, at different times, areas of the southern Levant, the Eastern Desert and the Red Sea coastline, the Sinai Peninsula, [65] and the Western Desert (focused on the several oases). BC – 100 AD: Bantu speaking communities in the great lakes region of Africa develop iron forging techniques that enable them to produce carbon steel. [21]In the east, three schools of thought were to dominate Chinese thinking until the modern day. These were Taoism, Legalism and Confucianism. The Confucian tradition, which would attain dominance, looked for political morality not to the force of law but to the power and example of tradition. [112] Confucianism would later spread into the Korean peninsula [174] and Japan. [175] c. 512 BC: Darius I (Darius the Great) of Persia, subjugates eastern Thrace, Macedonia submits voluntarily, and annexes the Libyan Kingdom, Persian Empire at largest extent. Homer is thought to have written his epics, The Iliad and The Odyssey. It is the time when Rome was founded. The Persians were expanding their empire in the eastern Mediterranean. It is thought this was the period of the famous Biblical kings, or at least Samuel, and later, the time of the Babylonian Captivity. Rawson, Jessica (1999). "Design Systems in Early Chinese Art". Orientations: 52. Archived from the original on 18 October 2020 . Retrieved 18 October 2020.

BC – 22 BC: Amanirenas, the kandake (Queen) of the Kingdom of Kush, leads Kushite armies against the Romans. [23] [24] [25]BC: Chandragupta Maurya seizes the satrapies of Paropamisadae (Kabul), Aria (Herat), Arachosia (Qanadahar) and Gedrosia (Baluchistan) from Seleucus I Nicator, the Macedonian satrap of Babylonia, in return for 500 elephants. Wijesooriya, S. (2006). A Concise Sinhala Mahavamsa. Kotte: Participatory Development Forum. ISBN 978-955-9140-31-3.

MacGregor, Neil (2011). A History of the World in 100 Objects. New York: Viking. pp.221–226. ISBN 9780670022700. Main article: Roman Republic The extent of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire in 218 BC (dark red), 133BC (light red), 44BC (orange), 14AD (yellow), after 14AD (green), and maximum extension under Trajan 117 (light green)The Shang dynasty traditionally is dated to 1766 to 1122 BC. Bronze was central to Shang culture and technology, with chariots and bronze weapons helping to expand Shang control over northern China. The cities at Ao and Yinxu, near Anyang, have been excavated and city walls, royal palaces, and archives as well as tombs and workshops were found. [104] A system of writing developed, beginning with oracle bones, of which over 100,000 are still extant. [105] The Classics department is ranked in the top ten departments of Classics in the country for our performance in the latest Research Excellence Framework exercise 2021 based on research rated 4*, according to Times Higher Education. Indo-European speaking peoples began to spread into India about 1500 BC. The Rigveda, in Sanskrit, dates to this period and begins a period often known as the Vedic period. [90] Between 1500 and 500 BC these peoples spread throughout most of India and had begun to found small cities. [91] Vedic society was characterized by the varna system which divided society into four broad castes, which were later elaborated. By the end of the Vedic period, this way of organizing society had become central to Indian society. [92] Religion in the late Vedic period was evolving into Hinduism, which spread throughout Southeast Asia. [93] Siddhartha Gautama, born around 560 BC in northern India, went on to found a new religion based on his ascetic life – Buddhism. This faith also spread throughout Eastern and Southeastern Asia after his death. [94] This period also saw the composition of the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. [93] BC: Qin Shi Huang unifies China, end of Warring States period; marking the beginning of Imperial rule in China which lasts until 1912. Construction of the Great Wall by the Qin dynasty begins. Further information: Carolingian Renaissance, Ottonian Renaissance, Renaissance, Classicism, and Legacy of the Roman Empire